WH+Unit+2+Part+2

laissez-faire: a policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, withoutinterfering. salon: **where people shared ideas**
 * Define**:
 * philosophe**: Leaders of an intellectual movement that started in france
 * evidence:** the available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid
 * affect:** have an effect on; make a difference to
 * deism:** belief in the existence of a supreme being, specifically of a creator whodoes not intervene in the universe.
 * separation of powers:** ** an act of vesting the legislative, executive, and judicial powers of government in separate bodies.  **
 * concept:** an abstract idea; a general notion
 * social contract:** an implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate forsocial benefits,

(choose 4 to complete trading cards for, list the information for the remaining Identify section entries)
 * Identify**: Isaac Newton, Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Adam Smith, Cesare Beccaria, Denis Diderot, Mary Wollstonecraft.





**Montesquieu:** ( 18 January 1689-10 February 1755 )

 * ==== His Father, Jacques de Secondat, was a soldier with a long noble ancestry. ====
 * ==== He was born in France ====
 * ==== Montesquieu was also highly regarded in the British colonies in America as a champion of British liberty ====
 * ==== Montesquieu's philosophy of history minimized the role of individual persons and events... "[I]f a particular cause, like the accidental result of a battle, has ruined a state, there was a general cause which made the downfall of this state ensue from a single battle." ====
 * ==== Montesquieu illustrated this principle with examples from Roman history. In discussing the transition from the Republic to the Empire, he suggested that if Caesar and Pompey had not worked to usurp the government of the Republic, other men would have risen in their place. The cause was not the ambition of Caesar or Pompey, but the ambition of man. ====

**Rousseau:** (28 June 1712 – 2 July 1778)

 * ==== was a major philosopher, writer, and composer of 18th-century Romanticism His political philosophy heavily influenced the French Revolution, as well as the American Revolution and the overall development of modern political, sociological and educational thought. ====
 * ==== Finding himself on his own, since his father and uncle had more or less disowned him, the teenage Rousseau supported himself for a time as a servant, secretary, and tutor, wandering in Italy (Piedmont and Savoy) and France. ====
 * ==== Although Rousseau argues that sovereignty (or the power to make the laws) should be in the hands of the people, he also makes a sharp distinction between the sovereign and the government. ====
 * ==== Having converted to Roman Catholicism early in life and returned to the austere Calvinism of his native Geneva as part of his period of moral reform, Rousseau maintained a profession of that religious philosophy and of John Calvin as a modern lawgiver throughout the remainder of his life ====
 * ==== The first to criticize Rousseau were his fellow Philosophes, above all, Voltaire ====

**Cesare Beccaria:** (March 15, 1738 – November 28, 1794)
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 * He was born in Milanon March 15, 1738 and educated in the Jesuit college at Parma. At first, he showed a great aptitude for mathematics, but the study of Montesquieu redirected his attention towards economics.
 * The principles to which Beccaria appealed were Reason, an understanding of the state as a form of contract, and, above all, the principle of utility, or of the greatest happiness for the greatest number.
 * He condemned the death penalty (on two grounds: first, because the state does not possess the right to take lives; and secondly, because capital punishment is neither a useful nor a necessary form of punishment)
 * In 1771, Beccaria was made a member of the supreme economic council; and in 1791 he was appointed to the board for the reform of the judicial code, where he made a valuable contribution. He died in Florence.
 * Was an Italian Philosopher and politician best known for his treatise O//n Crimes And Punishments// (1764), which condemned torture and the death penalty, and was a founding work in the field of penology.

**Denis Diderot:** (October 5, 1713 – July 31, 1784)

 * ==== Was a french philosopher, art critic, and writer & was a prominent figure during the enlightenment ====
 * ==== Is best-known for serving as co-founder and chief editor of and contributor to the //Encyclopédie// ====
 * ==== As a philosopher Diderot speculated on free will and held a completely materialistic view of the universe; he suggested all human behavior is determined by heredity ====
 * ==== he was the author of many other works that sowed nearly every field of intellectual interest with new and creative ideas. He wrote sentimental plays also ====
 * ==== in 1751 the first volume was published. ====

QUESTIONS

1 - What types of people made up the philosophes? 2 - Name two heros of the enlightenment? 3 - What did John Lock say about people's mind when they were born? 4 - Where was the enlightenment centered? 5 - What were the major themes of the enlightenment?6 - What was Voltaire's real name? 7 - What is the difference between "affected" and "effected"? 8 - Why did Voltaire oppose the Catholic Church? 9 - Montesquieu was the first? 10 - What were the three governments Montesquieu identified? 11 - Montesquieu thought there should be a " _ of powers" which means? 12 - What american document has Montesquieu's ideas?

13 - How did Rousseau make a living in his early life? 14 - Rousseau believed in a " contract" 15 - Under Rousseau's theory "the general will ___" 16 - What did Rousseau believe about education? 17 - What did Rousseau think about the roll of wome n? 18 - Briefly describe the philosophes and the physiocrats 19 - According to smith, what were the three basic rolls of government? 20 - Briefly outline the effect of enlightenment thinking on punishments for crime? 21 - What was a major weapon for philosophes, who wrote it, and when? 22 - List the three main ways enlightenment ideas were spread? 23 - Provide a basic biography of Marie-Therese de Geoffrin. (Use wikipedia) 24 - Who wrote the Declaration of Independence and who was a major influence on him?

Answers : 1. writers, professors, journalists, economists, and social reformers 2. John Locke and Isaac Newton 3. John locke said that when infants were born their minds were blank. 4. Paris 5. reason, natural, hope and reason. 6. François-Marie Arouet

7. affect is influence Effect is the result. 8. the catholic church supported absolution. 9. political scientist 10. republics, despotism, monarchies 11. separation 12. the United States Constitution. 13. wandering through france and italy holding odd jobs for pay 14. The social Contract 15. This means nothing less than that, they will be forced to be free. 16. Rousseau created the Emile, witch discusses "the natural men." Rousseau argues that education should foster and not restrict children natural instincts. 17. His ideas were not very advanced. a woman needs a soft life. How much care and tenderness does she need to hold her family together. He thoughts woman should learn obedience and nurturing skills so that they could care for there husbands and children.

18. Philosophes believed that scientific methods could be used to study society. Physiocrats argued that if individuals were free to pursue their economic self-interests, everyone would be better off in the end. 19. protecting society from invasions (the army), keeping up certain public works, such as roads and canals, that private individuals could not afford, and defending citizens from injustice (the police). 20. Punishments were often cruel. Government felt extreme punishments were necessary to deter crime because their police forces were weak and thus unable to capture criminals.21. the encyclopedia. written by Denis Diderot between 1751 and 1772 22. encyclopedia, salons, and magazines 23. (June 26, 1699 - October 6, 1777) has been referred to as one of the leading female figures in the French Enlightenment. From 1750-1777, Madame Geoffrin played host to many of the most influential Philosophes and Encyclopédistes of her time. Madame Geoffrin demonstrated qualities of politeness and civility that helped stimulate and regulate intellectual discussion. Her actions as a Parisian salonnière exemplify many of the most important characteristics of Enlightenment sociability. 24. thomas jefferson; john locke