WH+Unit+8

=**Part 1 ** =

The Road to World War I

ethnic: denoting or deriving from or distinctive of the ways of living built up by a group of people conscription: involuntary labor, especially military service, demanded by some established authority alter: change, make it change; cause a transformation anticipate: expect; regard something as probable or likely behalf: on someone's part mobilization: act of assembling and putting into readiness for war or other emergency
 * Define**:


 * Identify**:

Triple Alliance: was the military alliance among Germany, Austria–Hungary, and Italy that lasted from 1882 until the start of World War I in 1914 Triple Entente: was the name given to the alliance between the United Kingdom, the French Third Republic, and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907. Archduke Francis Ferdinand: (18 December 1863 - 28 June 1914) was an Archduke of Austria-Este, Austro-Hungarian and Royal Prince of Hungary and of Bohemia, and from 1889 until his death, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne. Gavrilo Princip: was a Bosnian Serb patriot, associated with the freedom movement Mlada Bosna (Young Bosnia). Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. Emperor William II: (27 January 1859 – 4 June 1941) was the last German Emperor and King of Prussia, ruling both the German Empire and theKingdom of Prussia from 15 June 1888 to 18 November 1918 Czar Nicholas II: 17 July 1918) was the last Czar of Russia, Grand Duke of Finland, and titular King of Poland. General Alfred von Schlieffen: 28 February 1833 – 4 January 1913) was a German field marshal and strategist who served as Chief of the ImperialGerman General Staff from 1891 to 1906.

1. What did liberals believe about European states in the early nineteenth century? 2. Name the two loose alliances of Europe’s great powers. 3. What did trade unions and Socialist parties do to achieve their goals? 4. What did the large size of European armies make obvious? 5. What three things may have played a role in starting World War I? 6. Which country supported Serbia’s desire to create an independent Slavic state? 7. What assassination instigated war between Serbia and Austria-Hungary? 8. What action of Russia prompted Germany to declare war? 9. What was Germany’s Schlieffen Plan? 10. By what route did Germany invade France? 11. For what official reason did Great Britain declare war on Germany?
 * DIRECTIONS: Answer the following questions as you read Section 1.**

1. They believed that if European states were organized along national lines, these states could create a peaceful Europe. 2. Triple Alliance and Triple Entente 3.They used strikes, even violent ones, to achieve their goals. 4. That if war did come, it would be highly destructive. 5. Militarism, nationalism, and the desire to stifle internal dissent 6. Russia 7. The assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand 8. The full mobilization of the Russian army. 9. The military would conduct a small holding action against Russia while most of the German army would carry out a rapid invasion of France. 10. Through the level coastal area through Belgium 11. For violating Belgian neutrality.
 * Answers:**

=**Part 2 ** =

The War

Propaganda: Information, esp. of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view. Trench warfare: A type of combat in which opposing troops fight from trenches facingeach other. War of attrition: A prolonged war or period of conflict during which each side seeks to gradually wear out the other by a series of small-scaleactions. Suspend: Temporarily prevent from continuing or being in force or effect. Submission: The action or fact of accepting or yielding to a superior force or to the will or authority of another person. Assure: Tell someone something positively or confidently to dispel any doubts they may have. Total war: A war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory or combatants involved, or the objectives pursued, esp. one in which the laws of war are disregarded. Planned economies: An economy in which production, investment, prices, and incomes aredetermined centrally by a government.
 * Define**: propaganda, trench warfare, war of attrition, suspend, submission, assure, total war, planned economies.

Lawrence of Arabia: (16 August 1888 – 19 May 1935) Lead a revolt against turkish Admiral Holtzendorff: (January 9, 1853 - June 7, 1919) German admiral. Famous for idea of "unrestricted submarine warfare" Woodrow Wilson: (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) 28th president of the United States. Most remembered for the fourteen points.
 * Identify**: Lawrence of Arabia, Admiral Holtzendorff, Woodrow Wilson.


 * DIRECTIONS: Fill in the blanks below as you read Section 2.**

Before 1914, many political leaders thought war in Europe could be (1) ** risky **. Government (2) ** propaganda ** had worked in stir- ring up national hatreds before the war. In August 1914, most people seemed genuinely convinced that their nation’s cause was (3) ** just **.

The German Schlieffen Plan called for the German army to sweep around (4) ** Belgium **and surround most of the French army. The German advance was halted at (5)** Marne **. The war quickly turned into a (6) ** stalemate **. The unexpected development of (7)** trench warfare ** on the Western Front baffled military leaders. In 10 months at (8) ** Verdun **, France, in 1916, seven hundred thousand men lost their lives over a few miles of land. By the end of 1915 (9) ** airplanes ** began to be used to attack ground targets.

The Ottoman Empire came into the war on the side of (10) ** Germany **, prompting the Allies to declare war on them as well. By 1917, the war that had started in Europe had truly become a (11)** world conflict **. The Allies took advantage of the war to seize German (12) ** colonies **in the rest of the world. The United States tried to remain neutral, but unrestricted (13) ** submarine ** warfare by the Germans brought America into the war in 1917. World War I affected the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, however remote they might be from the (14) ** battlefields **. (15) ** Authoritarian **regimes such as Germany, Russia, and Austria-Hungary relied on force to subdue their populations. In some countries, the role played by women in wartime economies had a (16)** positive **impact on their social and political (17) ** structure **.

=**Part 3 ** =

The Russian Revolution

soviets: an elected local, district, or national council in the former USSR. coincide: occur at or during the same time. irrelevant: not connected with or relevant to something. war communism: was the economic and political system that existed in the Soviet Russia during the Russian Civil War, from 1918 to 1921. Alexandra: was Empress consort of Russia, the wife of Tsar Nicholas I, and mother of Tsar Alexander II. Grigori Rasputin: 2 January (10 January] 1869 – 29 December (16 December 1916) Was a Russian Mystic. He influenced the later days of Nicholas II, the Emperor of Russia. People believed him to be a healer and psychic. Alexander Kerensky: (2 May 1881 – 11 June 1970) was a major political leader before and during the Russian Revolutions of 1917. Kerensky served as the second Prime Minister of the Russian Provisional Government until Vladimir Lenin was elected by the All-Russian Congress of Soviets following the October Revolution. He died in exile. Bolsheviks: Were a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party who came to power in Russia during the October Revolution phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917, and founded the Soviet Union. V. I. Lenin: (22 April 1870 – 21 January 1924), born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, was a Russian Marxist revolutionary and communist politician who led the October Revolution of 1917. As leader of the Bolsheviks, he headed the Soviet state during its initial years (1917–1924), leading the country through the Russian Civil War, and worked to create a socialist economic system. Leon Trotsky: (7 November 1879 – 21 August 1940) born Lev Davidovich Bronstein, was a Bolshevik revolutionary and Marxist theorist. Trotsky was one of the leaders of the Russian October Revolution, second only to Vladimir Lenin. During the early days of the Soviet Union, he served first as People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs and later as the founder and commander of the Red Army and People's Commissar of War. He was a major figure in the Bolshevik victory in the Russian Civil War. He was also among the first members of the Politburo.
 * Define**:
 * Identify**:


 * DIRECTIONS: Fill in the blanks below as you read Section 3.**

=**Part 4 ** =

End of the War

concentrate: focus one's attention or mental effort on a particular object or activity armistice: an agreement made by opposing sides in a war to stop fighting for a certain time; a truce. consistent: unchanging in achievement or effect over a period of time reparation: the making of amends for a wrong one has done, by paying money to or otherwise helping those who have been wronged clause: a particular and separate article, stipulation, or proviso in a treaty, bill, or contract. mandate: an official order or commission to do something
 * Define**:

Erich von Ludendorff: 9 April 1865 – 20 December 1937) was a German military officer, victor of Liège, and, with Paul von Hindenburg, one of the victors of the battle of Tannenberg. Friedrich Ebert: 4 February 1871 – 28 February 1925) was a German politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). David Lloyd George: 17 January 1863 – 26 March 1945) was aBritish Liberal politician and statesman. Georges Clemenceau: 28 September 1841 – 24 November 1929) was a French statesman, physician, and journalist.
 * Identify**: Erich von Ludendorff, Friedrich Ebert, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau.

1. Allied ** offensives ** on the Western Front had been badly defeated. 2. The entry of the United States into the war in 1917 gave the Allies a much-needed ** psychological **boost. 3. The withdrawal of the Russians allowed Germany to concentrate on the ** Western Front ** 4. After William II’s departure, the ** Social Democrats **in Germany under Friedrich Ebert announced the creation of a democratic republic and signed an. 5. An attempt at revolution left the German middle class with a deep fear of ** communism **. 6. ** Rivalries **among the nations that succeeded Austria-Hungary would weaken eastern Europe for the next 80 years.
 * DIRECTIONS: Fill in the blanks below as you read Section 4.**

7. In January 1919, representatives of 27 victorious Allied nations met in ** Paris **to make a final settlement of the Great War. 8. U.S. President Woodrow Wilson portrayed World War I as a people’s war against “ ** absolutism **and ** militarism **.” 9. David Lloyd George, prime minister of ** Great Britain **, had a simple platform at the Peace Conference: make the Germans** pay **. 10. President Wilson’s idea of creating a ** lasting peace **to prevent future wars was accepted after Wilson agreed to make compromises on** territorial ** arrangements. 11. In the ** treaty **, Germany was ordered to pay reparations for all the dam- age to which the Allied nations had been subjected. 12. Both the German and Russian empires lost considerable ** territory ** and the Austro-Hungarian Empire ** disappeared ** altogether.