WH+Unit+10

= **PART 1** = Nationalism in the Middle East

Genocide: the deliberate killing of a large group of people, esp. those of a particular ethnic group or nation. Ethnic: of or relating to a population subgroup (within a larger or dominant national or cultural group) with a common national or culturaltradition Cleansing: make (something, esp. the skin) thoroughly clean Eliminate: completely remove or get rid of Establish: set up
 * Vocabulary** Define:

Abdulhamid II: (21/22 September 1842 – 10 February 1918) was the 34th sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He oversaw a period of decline in the power and extent of the Empire, ruling from 31 August 1876 until he was deposed on 27 April 1909.
 * People** Identify:

T. E. Lawrence: (16 August 1888 – 19 May 1935), known professionally as T. E. Lawrence, was a British Army officer renowned especially for his liaison role during the Arab Revolt against Ottoman Turkish rule of 1916–18.

Atatürk- 1881:10 November 1938) was an Ottoman and Turkish army officer, revolutionary statesman, writer, and the first President of Turkey. He is credited with being the founder of the modern Turkish state.

Reza Shah Pahlavi: (March 16, 1878 – July 26, 1944), was the Shah of the Imperial State of Iran from December 15, 1925 until he was forced to abdicate by the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran on September 16, 1941.

Ibn Saud: (15 January 1876 – 9 November 1953) ( was the first monarch of the Third Saudi State known as Saudi Arabia. He was commonly referred to as Ibn Saud.:

 QUESTIONS: 1. Which empire did the European nations call “the sick man of Europe”? 2. How did the British seek to undermine Ottoman rule in the Arabian Peninsula? 3. What is the deliberate mass murder of a particular racial, political, or cultural group called? 4. List three changes that came about in Turkey as a result of Ataturk’s reforms. 5. After he led a mutiny to seize control of Tehran, how did Reza Shah Pahlavi try to change Iran? 6. Where did the Middle Eastern states originate? 7. What did reform leader Ibn Saud help create in the northern part of the Arabian Peninsula? 8. Identify the document that the British government issued to express support for a national home for the Jews in Palestine. 9. How did the British try to end the violence in Palestine in 1939? Did it work?
 * DIRECTIONS: Answer the following questions as you read Section 1.**

ANSWERS: 1. The empire of the ottoman turks. 2. By supporting Arab national activists there. 3. genocide; an estimated 1 million arabians were dead 4. Many arabic elements were eliminated from the turkish language which was now in the roman alphabet He took steps to modernize Turkey's economy with factories being built and a state direction plan over the economyThe biggest change was his attempt to break the power of Islam. 5. He tried to copy the reforms of Kemal Atatürk in Turkey by introducing reforms to strengthen and modernize the government, military and economy. 6. In general, the people in these states had no strong identification with their designated country. However, a sense of Arab nationalism remained. 7. He united Arabs in the peninsula and established the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. 8. The Balfour Declaration. Which expressed support for a national home for the Jews in Palestine, but it also added that this goal should not undermine the rights of the non-Jewish peoples living there. 9. They did it by declaring that only 75,000 Jewish people would be allowed to immigrate to Palestine over the next five years; after that, no more Jews could do so. It did not work though, it only intensified tension and violence.

**Part 2**

Nationalism in Africa and Asia = = Vocabulary **Define:** **Aware:** having knowledge or perception of a situation or fact **Pan-Africanism:** the principle or advocacy of the political union of all the indigenousinhabitants of Africa. **Mahatma:** (in the Indian subcontinent) a person regarded with reverence or loving respect; a holy person or sage. **Civil disobedience:** the refusal to comply with certain laws or to pay taxes and fines, as a peaceful form of political protest. **Zaibatsu:** a large Japanese business conglomerate. **Integrity:** the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles; moraluprightness


 * People** Identify:

W. E. B. DuBois: ( February 23, 1868 – August 27, 1963) an intellectual leader in the United States as sociologist, historian, civil rights activist, Pan-Africanist, author, and editor

Marcus Garvey: ( 17 August 1887 – 10 June 1940) a Jamaican publisher, journalist, entrepreneur, and orator who was a staunch proponent of the Black Nationalism and Pan-Africanism movements, to which end he founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League

Mohandas Gandhi: ( 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948) the pre-eminent political and ideological leader of India during the Indian independence movement.

Jawaharlal Nehru: ( 14 November 1889–27 May 1964) an Indian statesman who was the first (and to date the longest-serving) prime minister of India, from 1947 until 1964.

Ho Chi Minh: ( 19 May 1890 – 2 September 1969, a Vietnamese Marxist revolutionary leader who was prime minister (1945–1955) and president (1945–1969) of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam). He formed the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and led the Việt cộng during the Vietnam War until his death.


 * DIRECTIONS: Fill in the blanks below as you read Section 2.**

__**Part 4 Questions**__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the Latin American economy was based largely on the export of <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**foodstuffs** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**raw materials** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. 2. The fact that <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**investors** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> in the United States controlled many Latin American industries <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**angered** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Latin Americans. 3. The United States had intervened <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**military** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> in Latin American for years. 4. In 1935, President Franklin Roosevelt announced the <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Good Neighbor Company** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, a policy <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**rejecting** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">the use of U.S. military force in Latin America. 5. The total value of Latin American <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**exports** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> in 1930 was almost <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**50%** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">below the figures for the years between 1925 and 1929. 6. Being low on <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**money** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> to buy manufactured goods, Latin American governments encouraged the development of new <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Industries** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> to produce goods. 7. A trend toward <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**authoritarianism** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> increased during the 1930s. 8. Argentina was controlled by an <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Oligarchy** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, a government where a select group of people exercises control. 9. A military coup made Getulio Vargas, a wealthy rancher, president of Brazil, and in 1937 Vargas made himself <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**dictator** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. 10. Lazaro Cardenas, president of Mexico from 1934 to 1940, distributed 44 million acres of land to landless Mexican <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**peasants** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, a move that made him enormously popular. 11. In major cities such as <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Buenos Aires** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> in Argentina and <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**São Paulo** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">in Brazil, wealthy elites expressed great interest in the work of modern artists. 12. When studying in Europe, Diego Rivera was influenced by Italian <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Frescoes** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> ;when he returned to Mexico he created <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**murals** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">with monumental shapes and bold colors

=<span style="font-size: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">**Part 3** = Revolutionary Chaos in China

Guerrilla tactics: conflicts inwhich a small group of combatants including, armed civilians use military tactics, such as ambushes, sabotage, raids, the element of surprise, and extraordinary mobility to harass a larger and less-mobile traditional army, or strike a vulnerable target, and withdraw almost immediately.
 * Vocabulary** Define:

Pursue: follow (someone or something) in order to catch or attack them

Constitutional: relating to an established set of principles governing a state; a constitutional amendment.

Redistribution of wealth: the transfer of income, wealth or property from some individuals to others caused by a social mechanism such as taxation, monetary policies, welfare, nationalization, charity or tort law.

Sun Yat-sen, (1866–1925), Chinese statesman; provisional president of the Republic of China 1911–12 and president of theSouthern Chinese Republic 1923–25. He organized the Kuomintang force and established a secessionist government at Guangzhou.
 * People and Events** Identify:

Chiang Kai-shek, (1887–1975), Chinese statesman and general; president of China 1928–31 and 1943–49 and of Taiwan 1950–75. He tried to unite China by military means in the 1930s but was defeated by the Communists. Forced to abandon mainland China in 1949, he set up a separate Nationalist Chinese State in Taiwan. Shanghai Massacre, The Shanghai massacre of 1927, also known as the April 12 Incident, was a large-scale purge of Communists from theKuomintang in Shanghai, ordered by Chiang Kai-shek on 12 April 1927, during the Northern Expedition against the warlords.

Mao Zedong, (1893–1976), Chinese statesman; chairman of the Communist Party of the Chinese People's Republic 1949–76; head of state 1949–59. A cofounder of the Chinese Communist Party in 1921 and its effective leader from the time of the Long March (1934–35), he eventually defeated both the occupying Japanese and rival Kuomintang nationalist forces to create the People's Republic of China in 1949.

PLA, People's Liberation Army. The armed forces of the People's Republic of China, including all its land, sea, and air forces. The PLA traces its origins to an unsuccessful uprising by communist-led troops against pro-Nationalist forces in Jiangxi province on August 1, 1927, a date celebrated annually as its anniversary.Identify: Sun Yat-sen, Chiang Kai-shek, Shanghai Massacre, Mao Zedong, PLA.


 * DIRECTIONS: Fill in the blanks below as you read Section 3.**

<span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">__**Part 4 Questions**__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the Latin American economy was based largely on the export of <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**foodstuffs** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**raw materials** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. 2. The fact that <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**investors** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> in the United States controlled many Latin American industries <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**angered** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Latin Americans. 3. The United States had intervened <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**military** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> in Latin American for years. 4. In 1935, President Franklin Roosevelt announced the <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Good Neighbor Company** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, a policy <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**rejecting** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">the use of U.S. military force in Latin America. 5. The total value of Latin American <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**exports** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> in 1930 was almost <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**50%** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">below the figures for the years between 1925 and 1929. 6. Being low on <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**money** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> to buy manufactured goods, Latin American governments encouraged the development of new <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Industries** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> to produce goods. 7. A trend toward <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**authoritarianism** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> increased during the 1930s. 8. Argentina was controlled by an <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Oligarchy** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, a government where a select group of people exercises control. 9. A military coup made Getulio Vargas, a wealthy rancher, president of Brazil, and in 1937 Vargas made himself <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**dictator** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. 10. Lazaro Cardenas, president of Mexico from 1934 to 1940, distributed 44 million acres of land to landless Mexican <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**peasants** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, a move that made him enormously popular. 11. In major cities such as <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Buenos Aires** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> in Argentina and <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**São Paulo** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">in Brazil, wealthy elites expressed great interest in the work of modern artists. 12. When studying in Europe, Diego Rivera was influenced by Italian <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Frescoes** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> ;when he returned to Mexico he created <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**murals** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">with monumental shapes and bold colors

=<span style="font-size: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">**PART 4** = Nationalism in Latin America

Oligarchy: a small group of people having control of a country, organization, orinstitution
 * Vocabulary** Define:

Stimulate: raise levels of physiological or nervous activity in

Maintain: cause or enable (a condition or state of affairs) to continue

Juan Vicente Gómez- (24 July 1857 – 17 December 1935) was a military generaland de facto ruler of Venezuela from 1908 until his death in 1935. Good Neighbor policy- foreign policy of the administration of United States President Franklin Roosevelt toward the countries. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the United Statesperiodically intervened militarily in Latin America nations to protect itsinterests, of Latin America.
 * People and Events** Identify:

Hipólito Irigoyen- (July 12, 1852 – July 3, 1933) was twice President of Argentina. His activism became the prime impetus behind the obtainment of universal (male) suffrage in Argentina in 1912.

Getúlio Vargas- (April 19, 1882–August 24, 1954) served as President of Brazil, first as dictator, from 1930 to 1945, and in a democratically elected term from 1951 until his suicide in 1954.

PRI- (founded in 1929) official party of the mexican revolution which controlled the major groups in society. Is a Mexican political party that held power in the country under a succession of names, for more than 70 years. The PRI is a member of the Socialist International, as is the rival Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD), making Mexico one of the few nations with two major, competing parties part of the same international grouping. However, PRI is no longer a socialist party[citation needed] in the traditional sense and its modern policies are seen to be like those of a centrist or even neoliberal party

Lázaro Cárdenas- (May 21, 1895 - October 19, 1970) was President of Mexico from 1934 to 1940. Cárdenas subsequently decreed the end of the use of capital punishment (in Mexico, usually in the form of a firing squad


 * DIRECTIONS: Fill in the blanks below as you read Section 4.**

<span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">__**Part 4 Questions**__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the Latin American economy was based largely on the export of <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**foodstuffs** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**raw materials** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. 2. The fact that <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**investors** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> in the United States controlled many Latin American industries <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**angered** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Latin Americans. 3. The United States had intervened <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**military** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> in Latin American for years. 4. In 1935, President Franklin Roosevelt announced the <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Good Neighbor Company** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, a policy <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**rejecting** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">the use of U.S. military force in Latin America. 5. The total value of Latin American <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**exports** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> in 1930 was almost <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**50%** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">below the figures for the years between 1925 and 1929. 6. Being low on <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**money** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> to buy manufactured goods, Latin American governments encouraged the development of new <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Industries** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> to produce goods. 7. A trend toward <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**authoritarianism** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> increased during the 1930s. 8. Argentina was controlled by an <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Oligarchy** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, a government where a select group of people exercises control. 9. A military coup made Getulio Vargas, a wealthy rancher, president of Brazil, and in 1937 Vargas made himself <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**dictator** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. 10. Lazaro Cardenas, president of Mexico from 1934 to 1940, distributed 44 million acres of land to landless Mexican <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**peasants** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, a move that made him enormously popular. 11. In major cities such as <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Buenos Aires** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> in Argentina and <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**São Paulo** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">in Brazil, wealthy elites expressed great interest in the work of modern artists. 12. When studying in Europe, Diego Rivera was influenced by Italian <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Frescoes** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> ;when he returned to Mexico he created <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**murals** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">with monumental shapes and bold colors