WH+Unit+7

=**Part #1** = The Decline of the Qing Dynasty

Decline: become smaller, fewer, or less; decrease Extraterritoriality: (of a law or decree) valid outside a country's territory/ denoting the freedom of an ambassador or other embassy staff fromthe jurisdiction of the territory of residence Self-strengthening: 1861–1895 was a period of institutional reforms initiated during the late Qing Dynasty following a series of military defeats and concessions to foreign Powers Spheres of influence: Is an area or region over which a state or organization has significant cultural, economic, military or political influence Ensure: make certain that (something) shall occur or be the case Open Door policy: is a concept in foreign affairs, which usually refers to the policy around 1900 allowing multiple Imperial powers access to China, with none of them in Control of that country Indemnity: security or protection against a loss or other financial burden
 * Define**:

1. Give one important reason for the abrupt decline and fall of the Qing dynasty.
 * There was intense external pressure applied to the chineese society by the modern west.**

2. What three things highlighted the growing weakness of the Qing dynasty?
 * They were Corruption, peasant unrest, Incompetence**

3. Explain what it means that the British had an unfavorable trade balance in China.
 * This mean's that the British imported more goods from China than they exported to China.**

4. What did the British trade with China to settle the unfavorable trade balance?
 * After trying to trade silver with China failed, the British turned to trading opium. **

5. When did the Qing dynasty make peace with Britain?
 * 1842. **

6. What factors led to the Tai Ping Rebellion?
 * The failure of the Chinese government to deal with pressing internal economic problems**

7. What did the Chinese government agree to in the Treaty of Tianjin?
 * Provisions for the opening of additional ports to unrestricted foreign trade, for fixed tariffs; for the recognition of both countries as equal in correspondence; and for the cession of Hong Kong to Britain**

8. What is meant by the term “self-strengthening”?
 * It meant a return to the Confucian ideal of the chün tzu, the " superior man," who excelled in jen , or humaness.**

9. How were spheres of influence created in China?
 * European states began to create spheres of influence, areas where the imperial pow- ers had exclusive trading rights.**

10. What edicts did Guang Xu issue during the One Hundred Days of Reform?
 * The emperor issued edicts calling for major political, administrative, and educational reforms. With these reforms, the emperor intended to modern- ize government bureaucracy by following Western models; to adopt a new educational system that would replace the traditional civil service examina- tions; to adopt Western-style schools, banks, and a free press; and to train the military to use modern weapons and Western fighting techniques**.

11. What effect did the American Open Door policy have on the spheres of influence?
 * It loosened restrictions on trade among the imperialist powers within the spheres. The Open Door policy also helped to reduce imperialist hysteria over access to the China market. The policy lessened fears in Britain, France, Germany, and Russia that other powers would take advantage of China’s weakness and attempt to dominate the China market for themselves.**

12. What prompted the Boxer Rebellion?


 * The intrusion of westerners, the Christian missionaries, and the weakness of the Qing dynasty. During some time in 1898, a group of Chinese people were fed up and sick of the way westerners were acting in their village. Thus in their outrage they killed the westerners and rallied up a numerous amount of other followers who had anti-foreign sentiment. **

=**Part #2** = Revolution in China

Provincial: of or concerning a province of a country or empire Transition: the process or a period of changing from one state or condition toanother Commodity: a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought andsold, such as copper or coffee. Integrate: combine (one thing) with another so that they become a whole
 * Define**:

After the (1) **Boxer**  Rebellion, Empress Ci Xi embraced a number of reforms in education, administration, and the legal system. Elections for a national (2) **assembly**  were even held in 1910. The emerging elite were angry to discover that elected assemblies could not pass laws but could only give (3) **Advice** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> to the ruler.

Sun Yat-sen developed a three-stage reform process that included a <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(4) <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Military** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> takeover, a transitional stage before democratic rule, and then finally a constitutional  <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(5) <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**democracy** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. In 1905 Sun united radical groups from across China; these groups became the <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(6) <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Nationalist Party** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. After the Qing dynasty collapsed in 1911, Sun’s party turned to <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(7) <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #1a1a18; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**General Yuan Shigai** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, who controlled the army. With no new political or social order, the events of 1911 were less a revolution than a <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(8) <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**collapse** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> of the old order. General Yuan dissolved a new parliament, the Nationalists launched a rebellion, and Sun Yat-sen fled to <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(9) <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Japan** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. At the death of General Yuan in 1916, China slipped into <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(10) <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Civil War** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.

The coming of Westerners to China affected the Chinese economy by introducing modern <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(11) <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Transportation** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and  <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(12) <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Communications** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, creating an export market and integrating the Chinese market into the nineteenth-century world economy. In this new economy, local industry was largely destroyed, and many of the <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(13) <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #1a1a18; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Profits** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">went to foreign countries rather than back into the Chinese economy. In 1800, daily life for most Chinese was the same as it had been for <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(14) <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Centuries** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. A visitor to China 125 years later would have seen many people in the cities who were (15) <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**educated** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">and wealthy, affected by the growing presence of Western culture. <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(16) <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Intellectuals** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">began to introduce Western books, paintings, music, and ideas to China. Western literature and art became popular in China, especially among the <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">(17) <span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #1a1a18; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**urban middle class** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">.

=<span style="font-size: 1.4em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">**Part #3** =

Rise of Modern Japan

concession - a thing that is granted, esp. in response to demands; a thing conceded prefecture - a district under the government of a prefect compensate - for loss, suffering, or injury, typically by the award of a sum of money equip - supply with the necessary items for a particular purpose succession - a number of people or things sharing a specified characteristic and following one after the other
 * Define**:

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">I. By 1800, Japan was ** isolated **from all contact with the outside world. A. The first foreign power to succeed with Japan was the ** United States **. B. Japan agreed to the Treaty of ** Kanagua **, opening ports to Western traders.

II. The decision to open relations with the West was highly ** controversial **in parts of Japan. A. In 1863, the ** Sat-Cho **was forced to promise to end relations with the West. B. A Sat-Cho army attacked the palace in Kyoto in 1868 and declared the restoration of the authority of the ** Shogunate **.

III. New leaders transformed Japan into a modern ** Imperialist **nation.

A. Meiji reformers undertook a careful study of ** Western ** political systems. B. Meiji leaders set up a new system of ** Land Ownership **. C. The new army was well equipped and military service was **3 years**.

IV. The Japanese began their ** expansion ** in 1874. A. Japan’s navy forced ** Koreans ** to open their ports to Japanese trade. B. Japan went to war with both ** China ** and ** Russia **. C. The United States was the first to recognize Japanese ** rule **of Korea.

V. The wave of Western ideas that entered Japan altered Japanese ** culture **. A. The Japanese were dazzled by European ** literature **. B. Technical specialists from ** Europe and the United States ** were invited to come to Japan and teach. C. In 1889, the ** Tokyo School of Fine Arts ** was established. D. Japanese culture became ** fashionable ** in Europe and North America.